Medical+research

= **Medical research** = = __Global collaboration__ = What is Global collaboration? Global collaboration is the improvements in medical research through the combining of efforts of hospitals, doctors and professional throughout the world.

When did it start? Around 1940s, when many medical companies became international corporates. Theses corporates than started gathering data from all over the world to improve their medicines.

Social and ethical concerns; Concerns such as; Privacy, security, Reliability, Integrity, Anonymity are raised. __Privacy / security:__ sensitive patient information stored on the database may be viewed by hackers. __Reliability:__ when transferring the data from one computer to another or to the internet the data may be lost.

The U.S office for human research protections currently has 1,100 examples of guidance and regulations on the ethical conduct of research. The ethics includes not giving any sensitive data, controlling and securing of data etc. Some universities have developed a software to understand certain diseases more by processing some of the data on the users computers. The software that is downloaded to the computer combines witch users permission and their collaboration helps scientist study disease in depth.

= __Database for the Human Genome Project__   = The project began in 1990 in U.S and took 13 years to complete. The project planned to last 15 years, but increase in technology accelerated the project and was successfully completed in 2003. It’s golas were;  "( [] )"
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">identify //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA,
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">determine //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA,
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">store //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> this information in databases,
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">improve //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> tools for data analysis,
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">transfer //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> related technologies to the private sector, and
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">address //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">__Benefits__: having more knowledge of DNA variations can lead to new ways of treating, diagnosing the diseases and in future prevent the thousands of disorder that affect us. Nonhuman organisms DNA patterns and sequences can also be studied and can be applied towards solving challenges in health care, energy production, environment, agriculture, livestock breeding etc.

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Social and ethical concerns; <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> “The Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health Genome Programs set aside 3% to 5% of their respective annual HGP budgets for the study of the project's ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI). Nearly $1 million was spent on HGP ELSI research.” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Other issues include the use of, distribution and accuracy of data.

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__<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> Improving patient rehabilitation. __ dcd